The influence of microstructure on the transport critical current density in MgB2 wires obtained by PIT methods
DOI (Low Temperature Physics):
https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0046907Ключові слова:
superconducting MgB2 phase, diffusion barriers, doping impurities, high pressure, critical current density, scanning electron microscopy, superconducting wiresАнотація
Four decades after the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity by Bednorz and Müller, magnesium diboride, which has the highest critical temperature among conventional phonon-mediated superconductors, re mains one of the most promising materials for practical, low-cost superconducting wires operating above liquid helium temperature. This article reviews how various factors, such as the purity and grain size of Mg and B pow ders, diffusion barriers, dopants, and high-pressure processing, influence the formation of the superconducting MgB2 phase and its microstructure, and consequently the transport critical current density (Jc) measured at 4.2 and 20 K in in situ powder-in-tube (PIT) MgB2 wires. Moreover, a method of preparing samples for scanning elec tron microscopy based on fracturing rather than polishing is presented, which enables a substantially improved characterization of the microstructure of the in situ MgB2 material in superconducting wires.
Посилання
1. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Müller, Z. Phys. B 64, 189 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01303701
2. J. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, I. Zenitani, and J. Akimitsu, Nature 410, 63 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35065039
3. Y. Takano, H. Takeya, H. Fujii, H. Kumakura, T. Hatano, K. Togano, H. Kito, and H. Ihara, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 2914 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1371239
4. K. Vinod, R. G. Abhilash Kumar, and U. Syamaprasad, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 20, R1 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/20/1/R01
5. B. Birajdar and O. Eibl, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 033903 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3068361
6. A. Gurevich, S. Patnaik, V. Braccini et al, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 17, 278 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/17/2/008
7. A. Serquis, X. Z. Liao, Y. T. Zhu, J. Y. Coulter, J. Y. Huang, J. O. Willis, D. E. Peterson, F. M. Mueller, N. O. Moreno, J. D. Thompson, V. F. Nesterenko, and S. S. Indrakanti, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 351 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1479470
8. M. Tomsic, M. Rindfleisch, J. Yue, K. McFadden, J. Phillips, M. D. Sumption, M. Bhatia, S. Bohnenstiehl, and E. W. Collings, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 4, 250 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2007.02138.x
9. H. Kumakura, A. Matsumoto, T. Nakane, and H. Kitaguchi, Physica C 456, 196 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2006.12.017
10. A. Matsumoto, H. Kitaguchi, M. Igarashi, and H. Kumakura, Physica C 412–414, 1267 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2004.01.157
11. D. C. Larbalestier, M. O. Rikel, L. D. Cooley et al, Nature 410, 186 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35065559
12. A. Ballarino, W. Bailey, C. Barth, P. Cruikshank, V. Gahier, Y. Leclercq, F. Pasdeloup, G. Willering, and Y. Yang, Sci. Rep. 15, 20428 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08543-9
13. W. Yao, J. Bascuñán, S. Hahn, and Y. Iwasa, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 20, 756 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2010.2044035
14. T. Yagai, M. Takahashi, T. Takao, T. Shintomi, Y. Makida, T. Komagome, N. Hirano, T. Hamajima, A. Kikuchi, G. Nishijima, and A. Matsumoto, J. Cryog. Supercond. Soc. Jpn. 56, 269 (2021). https://doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.56.269
15. A. V. Pan, S. Zhou, H. Liu, and S. X. Dou, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 16, 639 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/16/5/317
16. A. Yamamoto, H. Tanaka, J. Shimoyama, H. Ogino, and K. Kishio, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 25, 084008 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/25/8/084008
17. X. H. Zeng, A. V. Pogrebnyakov, J. E. Jones, X. X. Xi, E. Wertz, W. K. Schmidt, Q. Li, J. M. Redwing, S. Y. Xu, and Q. Li, Physica C 397, 87 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2003.07.006
18. M. M. Avedesian and H. Baker, ASM Specialty Handbook: Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1999).
19. R. Flükiger, M. Beneduce, N. Musolino, C. Beneduce, P. Toulemonde, and P. Lezza, Physica C 385, 286 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4534(02)02307-9
20. A. Jung, S. I. Schlachter, B. Runtsch et al, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23, 095006 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/23/9/095006
21. P. Kováč, I. Hušek, M. Kulich, T. Melišek, and K. Hušeková, Physica C 470, 340 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2010.01.067
22. T. Spina, A. Ansaldo, A. Tumino, M. Paola, S. Pasini, C. E. Bruzek, M. Tropeano, and G. Grasso, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 34, 6200304 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3353144
23. M. Woźniak, S. C. Hopkins, D. Gajda, and B. A. Głowacki, Physica C 477, 66 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2012.02.036
24. S. Santra, C. R. M. Grovenor, S. C. Speller, P. Kováč et al, J. Alloys Compd. 807, 151665 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151665
25. A. Kario, A. Morawski, B. A. Głowacki, T. Łada, M. Smaga, R. Diduszko, D. Kolesnikov, A. J. Zaleski, A. Kondrat, and D. Gajda, Acta Phys. Pol. A 111, 693 (2007). https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.111.693
26. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. J. Zaleski, W. Häßler, K. Nenkov, M. A. Rindfleisch, E. Żuchowska, G. Gajda, T. Czujko, T. Cetner, and M. S. A. Hossain, J. Appl. Phys. 117, 173908 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4919364
27. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. J. Zaleski, M. A. Rindfleisch, C. Thong, M. Tomsic, M. S. Hossain, and T. Cetner, Mater. Lett. 160, 81 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.07.076
28. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. Zaleski, M. S. A. Hossain, M. Rindfleisch, and T. Cetner, J. Alloys Compd. 647, 303 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.06.103
29. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. Zaleski, A. Yamamoto, and T. Cetner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 152601 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4947056
30. M. A. Susner, T. W. Daniels, M. D. Sumption, M. A. Rindfleisch, C. J. Thong, and E. W. Collings, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 25, 065002 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/25/6/065002
31. D. Uchiyama, K. Mizuno, T. Akao, M. Maeda, T. Kawakami, H. Kobayashi, Y. Kubota, and K. Yasohama, Cryogenics 47, 282 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2007.03.003
32. Z. Mroczek, A. Morawski, T. Czujko, F. Karaboğa, M. Akdoğan, A. J. Zaleski, M. Małecka, T. Cetner, H. Yetiş, D. Gajda, and I. Belenli, J. Alloys Compd. 776, 636 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.269
33. D. Gajda, A. J. Zaleski, A. Morawski, T. Czujko, D. Avci, F. Karaboga, M. Akdogan, H. Yetis, T. Cetner, and I. Belenli, J. Alloys Compd. 889, 161665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161665
34. D. Gajda, M. Babij, A. Zaleski, D. Avci, H. Yetis, I. Belenli, F. Karaboga, D. Szymański, and T. Czujko, Physica C 639, 1354816 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2025.1354816
35. D. Gajda, M. Babij, A. Zaleski, D. Avci, H. Yetis, I. Belenli, F. Karaboga, D. Szymański, and T. Czujko, Materials 18, 3960 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18173960
36. J. H. Kim, Y.-U. Heo, A. Matsumoto, H. Kumakura, M. Rindfleisch, M. Tomsic, and S. X. Dou, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23, 075014 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/23/7/075014
37. K. Vinod, N. Varghese, R. G. Abhilash Kumar, U. Syamaprasad, and S. B. Roy, J. Alloys Compd. 464, 33 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.030
38. Y. Katsura, A. Yamamoto, I. Iwayama, S. Horii, J. Shimoyama, and K. Kishio, J. Cryog. Supercond. Soc. Jpn. 41, 497 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.41.497
39. S. I. Schlachter, W. Goldacker, J. Reiner, S. Zimmer, B. Liu, and B. Obst, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 13, 3203 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2003.812197
40. D. Wang, Y. Ma, Z. Yu, Z. Gao, X. Zhang, K. Watanabe, and E. Mossang, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 20, 574 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/20/6/015
41. C. Buzea and T. Yamashita, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 14, R115 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/14/11/201
42. C. Guo, D. Wang, Z. Gan, and Y. Ma, J. Magnes. Alloys 19, 101996 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2026.101996
43. J. H. Yi, K. T. Kim, B. H. Jun, J. M. Sohn, B. G. Kim, J. J. Joo, and C. J. Kim, Physica C 469, 1192 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2009.05.190
44. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. J. Zaleski, M. Akdogan, H. Yetis, F. Karaboga, T. Cetner, and I. Belenli, J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 30, 3397 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-017-4161-y
45. M. Tomsic, M. Rindfleisch, J. Yue, K. McFadden, D. Doll, J. Phillips, M. D. Sumption, M. Bhatia, S. Bohnenstiehl, and E. W. Collings, Physica C 456, 203 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2007.01.009
46. W. Häßler, M. Herrmann, C. Rodig, M. Schubert, K. Nenkov, and B. Holzapfel, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21, 062001 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/21/6/062001
47. M. Woźniak, K. L. Juda, S. C. Hopkins, D. Gajda, and B. A. Głowacki, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, 105008 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/26/10/105008
48. Y. Zhao, D. X. Huang, Y. Feng, C. H. Cheng, T. Machi, N. Koshizuka, and M. Murakami, Physica C 386, 576 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4534(02)02166-4
49. S. M. Kazakov, R. Puzniak, K. Rogacki, A. V. Mironov, N. D. Zhigadlo, J. Jun, Ch. Soltmann, B. Batlogg, and J. Karpinski, Phys. Rev. B 71, 024533 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.024533
50. N. E. Anderson Jr, W. E. Straszheim, S. L. Budko, P. C. Canfield, and D. K. Finnemore, Physica C 390, 11 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4534(03)00863-3
51. S. Haigh, P. Kováč, T. A. Prikhna et al, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18, 1190 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/18/9/008
52. F. Wan, M. D. Sumption, and E. W. Collings, J. Appl. Phys. 133, 023905 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130589
53. D. Gajda, M. Babij, A. Zaleski, D. Avci, F. Karaboga, H. Yetis, I. Belenli, D. Zasada, D. Szymański, M. Małecka, W. Gil, and T. Czujko, J. Magnes. Alloys 12, 5061 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.12.009
54. S. X. Dou, S. Soltanian, Y. Zhao, E. Getin, Z. Chen, O. Shcherbakova, and J. Horvat, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 18, 710 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/18/5/022
55. G. Z. Li, Y. Yang, M. A. Susner, M. D. Sumption, and E. W. Collings, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 25, 025001 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/25/2/025001
56. E. J. Kramer, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 1360 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1662353
57. M. Eisterer, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 20, R47 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/20/12/R01
58. D. Dew-Hughes, Philos. Mag. 30, 293 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786439808206556
59. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. J. Zaleski, T. Cetner, W. Häßler, K. Nenkov, M. Małecka, M. A. Rindfleisch, and M. Tomsic, Scr. Mater. 143, 77 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.09.017
60. D. Gajda, A. J. Zaleski, A. J. Morawski, M. Małecka, L. M. Tran, M. Rindfleisch, T. Durejko, and T. Czujko, Materials 15, 5419 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155419
61. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. J. Zaleski, W. Häßler, K. Nenkov, M. Małecka, M. A. Rindfleisch, and M. S. A. Hossain, J. Appl. Phys. 120, 113901 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962399
62. D. Gajda, A. Morawski, A. Zaleski, T. Cetner, M. Małecka, A. Presz, M. Rindfleisch, M. Tomsic, C. J. Thong, and P. Surdacki, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, 115002 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/26/11/115002
63. R. Flükiger, M. S. A. Hossain, and C. Senatore, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 22, 085002 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/22/8/085002
64. R. Flükiger, M. S. A. Hossain, C. Senatore, and M. Rindfleisch, Physica C 471, 1119 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2011.05.139
65. A. Serquis, L. Civale, D. L. Hammon, X. Z. Liao, J. Y. Coulter, Y. T. Zhu, M. Jaime, D. E. Peterson, F. M. Mueller, V. F. Nesterenko, and Y. Gu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2847 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1571231
